Talent Management Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Talent Management Strategy - Research Paper Example The current employment size of the organisation in over 20,000 people worldwide and the company is continuing to expand into newer markets. The company has come a long way from its humble origins in the early forties when it was founded in a small state in Europe. Currently Hilti operates in over 120 countries worldwide and tends to operate in one of the most competitive markets in the world (Hilti, 2009). In order to gain competitive advantage over its competitors Hilti has a continuous need for innovation that it tends to meet using talent management methods. The added pressures to make the workplace safer have meant that health and safety regulations have been changing around the world in the past few decades (Fung et al., 2010). In order to keep up with the challenge, Hilti has been employing a number of different talent management strategies that are discussed in detail below. 2. Talent Management Strategy Talent management has grown to encompass human resource management throug h the active anticipation of human resource requirements. These requirements are tabulated and plans are devised in order to meet the identified human resources needs (Carpenter, Bauer, & Erdogan, 2010). Generally businesses engaged in talent management transfer the grooming of employees from the human resources department to the line managers directly in order to produce more efficient strategies. It also tends to make more sense given that the line managers have far greater expertise in determining the needs and requirements of individual employees. These can be used to align the development of individuals with the developmental needs of the organization far more flexibly. The largest reason for the enhanced flexibility is the simplification of the overall framework that does not remove the human resources department but instead tends to simplify the process flow. Typically talent management programs can pursue either of two preferred paths in order to enhance the overall human re source potential. The simpler strategy is to hire talented individuals from the labor market and to manage them accordingly. Another alternative strategy is based on the assumption that all individuals carry some form of talent. This strategy relies on grooming the individual talents of all employees in order to garner human resources. Therefore, talent management in an organization could be diverted at a select few individuals or to the entire labor set in order to develop human resources to empower the organizational objectives and goals (Rammer et al., 2010) (Perdomo-Ortiz et al., 2009). While some organizations have chosen to pursue the former path over the latter but Hilti has chosen to use the latter path. The development of a few select individuals tends to lower the costs for talent management but exposes the business to greater risks. These risks arise when the talented and groomed individuals choose to leave the organization for any number of reasons. Above anything else, this could occur due to the â€Å"war for talent† (Michaels, Handfield-Jones, & Axelrod, 2001) where an organization decides to capture the available talent pool from the market by providing better pays and perks. The human resources that leave an organization in this scenario represent a large

Edinburgh Napier library services Essay Example for Free

Edinburgh Napier library services Essay Edinburgh Napier University was established as a technical college in 1964 taking its name from famous inventor of logarithms, John Napier. Since 1971, the college has started to offer degree level educations. In 1992, the college was converted to university, and changed its name to Napier University. However, in 2009, the university changed its name to Edinburgh Napier University. To enhance high academic integrity, the university aims to implement scalable high level Library Information Systems in order to offer high quality learning. (Edinburgh Napier University, 2009, Microsoft Corporation, 2006). The objective of this proposal is to evaluate an initiative of the Edinburgh Napier library services. To enhance greater understanding of proposal, it is essential to provide brief description of the research area. 1. 1: Background of Research The university opened Electronic Library Information systems in 2000, and since this period, the library has acquired huge amount of academic resources in electronic formats. However, with increase in the academic complexity, learners are increasingly facing challenges in accessing academic resources from the university library. (Edinburgh Napier University, 2008). By visiting the current online library resources, it is revealed that the university is facing challenges to provide high quality and innovative e- library services. Although, the university e-library has offered various services such as e-resources, teaching resources, study and research, user’s information, and information on the library resources, however, it is revealed that there are various lapses in the existing library services that have led to gaps in the knowledge. The university teaching resources from WebCT has not provided social teaching networking where students and tutors will be able to interact when lecture is taking place. Thus, the university has not been able to provide virtual face-to-face teaching strategy that resembles traditional teaching method. As being argued by Rolfe et al (2008), the WebCT which is one of the university library resources of Napier Edinburgh University has not been able to provide social interactions for students. The lack of dialogue do not provide rich virtual academic standard for students. Moreover, the university has not be able to offer 24 hour service for students in the physical university libraries such as Canaan Lane, Comely Bank, Craighouse, Craiglockhart, Livingston, Melrose, and Merchiston. The books in these libraries have not been available online. To address this problem, the university needs to implement scalable e-Resources Strategy in order to achieve high quality e-learning. It is essential to realise that the library should be able to provide varieties of online portals that should provide social networking for students and instructors. The recommendation provided is that the existing software and hardware that were used for the university library resources need to be upgraded to high quality and scalable new software and hardware. The comparison between national and international students on the effectiveness of university library resources has revealed that overall international students are happy with the university library resources. Compared to home students where only 54% of home students are happy with the university library resources. (Bawden, Robinson, Anderson et al 2007). Thus, the proposal attempts to address these gaps and make recommendations to the library. To achieve these objectives, the study provides the outline of the project in the box below. 2. Project outline for the project 1. The idea for this research arose from: The research arose from the shortcoming identified in the library services of Edinburgh Napier University. The research attempts to provide recommendations to the library in order to fill the gap. 2. The aims of the project are as follows: To provide understanding among students the different means of accessing material through the various services. To provide recommendations of high quality and scalable e-library resources in order to ensure easy and quick accessible of learning materials. 3. The main research questions that this work will address include: To what extent the existing library resources have been able to satisfy the need of students and staff? What are the high quality and scalable methods to improve university library resources? 4. The software development/design work/other deliverable of the project will be: The software design will involve Software Development Life Cycle which is typically referred as waterfall model. The prototype of the software design reveals that output from a specific stage will provide the inputs for the next stage of software design. 5. The project will involve the following research/field work/experimentation/evaluation: There will be primary and secondary research to carry out this project. Moreover, there will be experimentation of software and hardware that will be employed for the proposal. 6. This work will require the use of specialist software: MOSS 2007, Microsoft cluster, Web 2. 0 7. This work will require the use of specialist hardware: VM Ware Tools, Linux Server, podcasts, Virtual hardware 8. The project is being undertaken in collaboration with: The project is done in collaboration with a researcher and school of computing. (Bawden, Robinson, Anderson et al 2007) 3. Conclusion The proposal attempts to evaluate an initiative of Edinburgh Napier library services. The study has revealed that there are shortcomings in the existing university library resources. The gaps identified are that the university has not been able to offer 24 hours services for some of the library resources. Moreover, the WebCT has not been able to offer virtual classroom experience for students where learners would enjoy virtual classroom experience just like traditional learning. Thus, the proposal has recommends that the existing software and hardware need to be upgraded to ensure that the university offers high quality and scalable library services for students. References Bawden, D. Robinson, L. Anderson, T. et al (2007). Towards Curriculum 2. 0: library / information education for a Web 2. 0 world. Library and Information Research. 31(99):14-25). Edinburgh Napier University, (2009). History of Edinburgh Napier University. Scotland. Edinburg University Press. Edinburgh Napier University, (2008). Napier University Learning Information Services E-service strategy: Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Microsoft Corporation, (2006). Napier University, University Streamlines Access to Student Services with Improved E-Learning Portal. Microsoft Corporations. Rolfe, V. Alcocer, M. Bentley, E. (2008). Academic Staff Attitudes Towards Electronic Learning in Arts and Sciences. University of Nottingham. UK.

A True Hero in the Poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay examples

A True Hero in the Poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight "What makes a man a hero? Where lies the line which, when crossed, changes a mortal man into a legend? World leaders of our generation are mockeries of real men, more like Pilates than Thomas Mores." ( Gagne) In the poem of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the definition of a hero is clearly explained. Gawain is faced with trials and tribulations throughout the poem, but what clearly defines the crossover from man to hero? "Tests and decisions are as numerous in any man's life as are the beats of his heart." ( Gagne) But what draws the line between a man and a hero is what he learns from life's lessons. " In destines sad or merry, True men can but try." ( Gawain) " It tells a reader that Gawain means to do his level best in ...

Coroperate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social responsibility Introduction A few years ago firms only goal was to gain economic profit from their businesses. In recent times it has been discussions if economic profit are the only reason for businesses to exist (Kilotons 1991) In modern society the belief that businesses have responsibilities against the society they operate in have grown bigger, but there are still people and organizations who believe that gaining economic profit from their business are the only thing they have to be concerned about (Chant 2013).The purpose of this essay is to discuss and compare the different viewpoints of corporate social responsibility (hereafter referred to as CARS) and the key issue is to see why corporations and their management should be concerned with CARS. The paper will start by explaining what CARS is and how businesses can gain profit from applying CARS. Thereafter the counterargument, that business doesn't have any other responsibilities then gaining profit, will be presented. An example of good CARS-work will thereafter be demonstrated.The relationship between ethics in business will also be discussed. Different views of CARS There are many different definitions of what corporate social responsibility is but one ay to look at it is that corporate responsibility is used to describe the work that companies do voluntarily that has a positive impact on society, the environment or the economy (Shill, Apothecary ; Kansas 2010). CARS is supposed to help businesses to behave ethically and gain economic profit and at the same time helping to solve social issues (Chant 2013).Not only are CARS good for the society and the people in it but also for the stakeholders of the company. CARS can change stakeholders purchase behavior, employment seeking and also investment. Over mime CARS can also help the company to build a stronger brand and in that way also gain an economic profit (Shill, Apothecary ; Kansas 2010). In recent times a lot of critiques have been pointed to CARS. The counterargument meaner that business only responsibility against the society is to gain economic profit and only do what the business was created to do (Chant 2013).Many opponents against CARS say that businesses only should use their resources and engage in activities that are designed to increase profits so long as it stays within the law (Kilotons, 1991). Why corporate social responsibility? The question is if businesses and corporations have a social nature and responsibility or not? My own answer to this question is that businesses, in the modern society, is of social nature and have responsibilities against the society. Corporations and businesses are a big part of our society and what they do make a big impact on people, environment and also how other business act.I would like to compare it with people walking on the street and don't put their rubbish in the garbage bins. I believe that almost everyone thinks that it would be ethically wrong not to put t heir rubbish in the bins. If everyone throws their rubbish on the street the society and community would not have looked nice and people would care less about, in this case, the environment because no one else does. My point of view is that it reflection of the people in it and so are the corporations and business (Chant 2013).It's understandable that some corporations think it is unnecessary to implement CARS and that it only will cost them money that they won't get back. To demonstrate how businesses can gain economic advantages from CARS I will use a Swedish company ‘KEA. KEA is a big home decoration company that operates all over the world and ton is one of their most important raw materials. The company want all cotton used in their products to come from sustainable productions. By using the better cotton initiative they can help reduce environmental and social impacts.They have also proved that this initiative can help KEA to offer competitive priced products that satisf y customers' needs and also helps the company to reach one of their ambitions to provide responsibly sourced products (CARS: Sweden leads by example in corporate responsibility 2013) With that said, my point is that many companies have to look ore on the output they can gain from CARS and not so much on the input. Conclusion There are many ways of looking at and understand CARS and my point of view in this paper is that CARS is a good thing and that corporations and businesses can gain both social and economic profits from it.On the other hand it can be difficult to measure performance of CARS and to compare business with each other (Chant 2013). But maybe comparing and competitiveness is not necessary as in economical ways. Maybe CARS can be Just a question of good ethics, something as obvious as throwing rubbish in the garbage bin or pay your employees' salary in time. Is that a realistic goal? Probably not, because it takes that CARS belong to some sort of common sense if that's going to happen.The important thing for businesses to understand is that CARS should be a part of their business strategy and goal. The modern world is growing and businesses have to keep up with the changes in the environment around them. People are getting more knowledge about ethics and culture and that's why it's getting more important for businesses and their management to apply it in to their strategy. Maybe people are going to choose one supermarket in front of the other cause the first one didn't care about the ethical issues with food production.

Operational Management Fields of Hard Rock Cafe Essay

Operation management is an academic field of study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, control and use of service firm and their operations as show by the case study of the Hard Rock Cafà ©. The operational management synthesizes concepts that have been produced from all other departments such as quality management, accounting, information systems and inventory among others. To ensure that the company has sustenance in the business, it is always paramount to have operational management strategy. This will ensure that the management of the resources that they have will always be used as required and towards development of the business. There are different strategic levels that are involved in the operation management. Various managers to ensure that the final goals and objectives are met spearhead these levels. Therefore, these levels will be evaluated in the Hard Rock Cafà © to see how well they have met them in conjunction to the way they operate their business. Du ring layout of the operations, strategic managers are supposed to ensure that long time level management strategy is put in 0place to ensure that the business is able to pass the test of time thus expanding to bigger heights. Operational managers in the hotel are supposed to ensure that decisions on their food production service as well as delivery is well planned to ensure that the hotel have consistent service delivery. Process and layout decision of the business, site location as well as the capacity that the business can hold at any given time is part of the strategic management that will be evaluated. In evaluating Hard Rock Cafà ©, various elements will be looked at and how best the business has satisfied them. Therefore, to ensure that it there is exhaustive evaluation, these components will be categorized in the following ways. †¢Increase of hotel Capacity †¢vertical integration †¢Technology used in the business. †¢Recruitment and employees maintenance †¢Expansion strategy †¢Increase in Capacity According to the history that the Hard Rock Cafà © has demonstrated over the years, it vividly shows that it has bigger capacity currently. With its 30 years of existence, it has made it possible to have 100 cafà ©s, three hotels, casinos, live music venues, a huge annual Rock fest concert as wells a rock museum. Due to the capacity that the cafà © enjoys, it is regarded to be among service industry that in US has employed 75% of its population. Its operational management strategy of ensuring that it increases its capacity has made it expand spontaneously throughout the country with 40 locations in different places in US by 1998. This has ensured that it is serving a meal capacity of 100,000 meals on daily basis. Its capacity expansion has seen the then cafà © expand growing to over 106 locations in 38 countries in the world. Through their good capacity growth, the hotel has been named among the top ten-restaurant worldwide enjoying 92% name recognition. Vertical integration According to microeconomics and management this a style that a business sector that adopt. It is especially where by different companies in supply chain is united through a common owner to produce market-specific service to ensure that customer’s needs are satisfied. Through upholding this operational management strategy, the business avoids hold up problem. In the Hard Rock Cafà ©, there are different customers especially tourist who come from different countries. According to their case study, 70% of their customers are tourist from different countries. Therefore taking note of this, they have ensured that different food to ensure that they satisfy their customers. The Cafà © has grown to global arena where they have applied vertical integration strategy through making sure that they have integrated the traditional food of those places to ensure that at the end, they satisfy their customers. According to the statistics, the cafà © has gone to 40 different countries global ly therefore; they had to ensure that they have that vertical integration strategy. Their variety menus that they offer depending with the country they are situated in are like pork, beef and chicken. Other foods are like hamburger, cheeseburger, French fries among many others depending with the demand of their customers. All the sales of the above named food are managed from a central position in t headquarter to ensure diversification of the menu and appropriate change according to the prospected customers. This ensures the business have a very intensive growth now rated among the top ten restaurant in the world. Use of Technology in the business For every business that has a future projection, technology is paramount in their operational management. Failure to uphold technology in the business, their services will eventually turn obsolete. Therefore, to ensure that they increase the speed of the services that they offer to their customers, Hard Rock Cafà © has upheld technology especially the computer technology that is so rampant in the business sector. This is to ensure that they increase the efficiency of their business, reducing procurement cost as they operate globally as well as multitasking. This makes them to ensure that they have increased the productivity of the company. According to the business case study, it shows that the heart of the sale forecasting of the business is the point-of-sale system (POS). This system helps the business to capture data of the transaction that have been done in the cafà ©. The system give the business the ability to estimate the number of the customers who visit their business as e very entry represent one customer. This is very helpful in putting production and expansion strategy. The method is quick and efficient with low cost involved. The data that is capture is transferred to the main offices in Orlando corporate database. This is where the process f0orecast is done through evaluation o the data capture on daily basis. This ensures the business is capable of maintaining sustainable services to the customers thus satisfying their customers’ needs. Due to the appropriate use of the technology, the financial team that is lead by Lindsey is able to forecast guest count, retail sales, concert sales and banquet sales of each cafà © per month. This lead to appropriate operational management. In the act of holding the technology, the business has done well in this service sector. They have introduced a sophisticated application of statistics in the menu planning. They have used multiple regression method through the appropriate usage of computer that help s in computing the impact of demand of one meal to other menu whenever the price has been changed. Therefore, this help them to plan well incase of price change especially to the supplementary menus. This helps the business to capitalize in this strategy to increase their sales. Workforce of the business Any business idea can be driven to accomplish bigger things in the business arena or be guided to a terrible failure by the kind of the employees that are employed. Through deployment of competent employees and ensuring that their morale is kept high through incentives, the goals of the business are easily achieved. This is because they know what to do and how to it better. According to most of the human resource managers, they regard employees as the most important resource in the business. Therefore, they needed to be appreciated and be held with utmost respect. They need to be reward through monetary and non-monetary programs to ensure that they deliver according to the required level. Hard Rock Cafà © is not an exceptional. According to their operational management strategy, recruitment and maintenance of the employees in the company has been their core value. They are out to create a good working environment for their employees to ensure that the culture that they have created is sustained. According to them, they accept and nurture creativity, diversi ty and individuality of each employee to ensure that they employees are given freedom to explore their diversity. This environment according to corporate training manager, it creates a working environment of the company beyond paycheck creating new challenge on daily basis. This is helpful to the employees as it increases their production. The business ensures that it gets the best employee in the initial stage that ensures that he/she is easily integrated to their culture. A new applicant is screened in different aspects that will make them be easily integrated in the business operation. They look for a highly motivated, bright, positive altitude individual who have an employee bill of rights and substantial employment empowerment. Through a proper recruitment process, they have ensured that they are able to maintain a low labor turnover. Employees are subjected to training to ensure that they are competent in their functioning. Everyone who go to work in the Cafà ©, they get Rock 101 which is a two day training class. This enables them to be integrated in the working team much faster. The work force of the Hard Rock Cafà © is offered a good package of reward among other incentives. There are offered overtime allowances and benefits for those who work for overtime. They offer internal training to individuals as well as high-level internal promotion that make the employees production to be always high. According to the company, 60% of the managers in the cafà ©, they are promoted from hour working ranks. Expansion strategy The main aim of al the business is to make profit. Otherwise, this can be well demonstrated through their idea of expansion. This means that, they are capable of meeting other basics needs of the company as well as getting more resources to compete with others in different arenas. Expansion of a business is of different nature. This ranges from the variety of the products that they offer on daily basis, opening of new branches as well as recruitment of more employees in the business capacity. According to Hard Rock Cafà ©, the business has embraced this operational management strategy through carefully choosing a new location whenever the expansion is to be upheld. They ensure that they make a good and a careful decision making process to ensure that the investment that has to be placed in it meet a long time investment strategy. To ensure that their expansion strategy does not go in vain, they ensure that they are sensitive on those factors that may be a setback to their investment s. Such factors are political risk, social norms of that location, social cost, currency risk, brand fit and business practices. The business uses global operation strategy, which is a multi domestic strategy. They tat time engage in the franchise as way of acquiring business firm ground in the new location. This also ensure that they are capable of local ownership of the business bring about unique capability therefore decreasing difficulties in the implementation of their goals. Operations management challenges of Hard Rock Cafà © in considering an expansion of its business into Hanoi All the business that has an objec5tive of doing their business across the boundaries of their country encounters several challenges. Hard Rock Cafà © is not an exceptional as it has been hit by different challenges across the globe. In considering its expansion in Hanoi Vietnam, it should be well prepared because according to different market survey done in that country shows that, though the town is developing at an alarming rate, it poses different challenges to especially foreign business. Some of the challenges that are likely to be encountered by the business are discussed below. Infrastructure Despite of the town being the capital city of Vietnam, it is far from establishing good infrastructure to cater for the business that is done in the town. Poor transport facilities are conspicuous making transportation of goods as well as services to be expensive and difficult. Hard Hotel especially will experience this challenge, as its customers are mostly tourist who may require good transport facilities. The communication facilities have not grown better as compared to most of other towns like Hong Kong in Japan. This makes the business that requires intensive communication to ensure that they operate their business like Hard Rock Cafà © to be threatened to use more of its resources in communication facilities making their initial cost of starting the business in Hanoi be very high. Calamities Vietnam is a country that is prone to such calamities as earthquake of high magnitude. Such calamities cannot be predicted making most of the business in towns like Hanoi to always be at risk. Therefore, if the Hard Rock Cafà © is ready to open a business in this place, they should have to anticipate the cause of loss that might be severally caused by this calamity. They may have to do lots of investment in insuring their business against such calamities that means higher operation cost. Government policies The cost of doing business in Hanoi poses great challenge that come about with the policies that the business has to encounter from the government of Vietnam. The tax imposition is high especially to foreigners making them to operate at high prices thus low turn over. There is a lot of problem regarding the laws governing the start of the business making it take a lot of time to start it. This may put off the business at the initial stage thus loss incurred. Therefore, the Cafà © require having a long focus in the start of the business, which is still expensive in terms of time, resources and money. To get finance from the government is tedious and regulated so much. This will make the business to come prepared to virtually finance solely from their own cash. This may be a little bit disadvantageous to the business as it may require some more financing from the government in the end. Discrimination According to the research that was done in the town, most of the business from the foreign countries succumb discrimination from the residence. This through the language barrier as well as not preferring to buy from their business. Though this has been declining with time, it has been in limelight for a while making the business loss considerably compared to the homegrown businesses. Therefore, the Hard Rock Cafà © should be prepared to form a strategic plan to counter that. Competition Due to the globalization, most of the business is taking the advantage of getting to the developing countries. According to PriceWaterHouse Coopers, Hanoi has been rated among the towns that are growing very fast in terms of population t0owards 2015. There is also projection of building of another airport in the town before 2015 to add to the one that is in the town. This will make the town to be very accessible from all over the country. Therefore, this has made much business including Hotel services business to flock in the town. This makes such business as Hard Rock Cafà © to be prepared for stiff competition that may pose danger to the expansion of the business in the town. This will require them to get good strategy to cope up with the competition Cultural practices and ethics The services that Hard Rock Cafà © offers are surrounded by culture and ethics of each community. Therefore, this is an anticipated challenge that the hotel will have to face in the country. With most of the population being Buddhist in religion taking a share of 92%, the hotel should ensure that they do good analysis of the service that they require in terms of food, music and other services. They have to ensure that they are able to integrate these cultures with other to create acceptance. Opportunities for Hard Rock when considering an expansion of its business into Hanoi Finances Due to the position that the business has, it is capable of overcoming the disadvantage that most of the competitor are experiencing due to finance. It has been operating for a long time therefore, having the advantage of strong finance hold that can be able to sustain it until the business that it will open in Hanoi gets a good ground. This will make it more competitive in such a fast developing place and taking that advantage to propel to greater height. Experienced personnel As the Hard Rock has been in other international markets, most of these problems has been solved else where by its personnel. Therefore, by the personnel, that it recruits who are diverse and very flexible in their way of working, they are capable of solving different issues concerning the business and strategizing for further growth in all the countries including Vietnam. Integrated services The business offers integrated services that most of its competitors do not offer. A part from food and services, they offer entertainment such as music. Due to cultural diversification of the town, there are always parties and celebrations at different times over the years. The town has a good number of Christians, Islam, and Buddhist among other religions who have different celebrations according to their culture in different time of the year. This makes the market a favorable place for the Hard Rock Cafà © to use its integrated services to especially make their business be accepted in this place by the residence. This is through involving all the cultural and religion values through music and interrelation events in their cafà ©. Growth of the town The population of this town in 2004 was rated to be about 4 million people. However, after six years, the population has grown past six million with anticipation with more. This means cheap labor will be available for the business as well as great market for their products. The building of another airport in the town will increase the ease of transport and hence reduce cost. It will also offer an additional terminal for the tourist to the town. This will be a great boost to Hard Rock Cafà ©. Conclusion Hard Rock Cafà © has established itself as a competing business in the international arena. This has made it to go all over the world at be chosen among the top ten restaurant worldwide. Therefore, through its objective human resource and good organizations structure as well as highly rated personnel, it is likely to be one business to watch in the service providing industry in the near future.

Banish bad writing to Room 101 - Emphasis

Banish bad writing to Room 101 Banish bad writing to Room 101 Good writing is powerful. Bad writing belongs in Room 101. George Orwell, creator of that fictional torture chamber where peoples worst nightmares reside, determined to rid the world of the terrible writing habits he believed threatened our mother tongue. The six rules he laid out have been guiding writers in all fields since he wrote them in 1946. Because, after all these years, Orwells advice is as relevant today as it was 65 years ago. 1. Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print Metaphors and similes have the potential to evoke powerful mental images. But overused phrases such as axe to grind, selling like hot cakes or strike while the irons hot no longer have the power to conjure up anything other than a slight glazing over of the eyes. A fresh, unfamiliar juxtaposition of ideas can be just the late-afternoon espresso your reader needs to awaken your ideas in their head. Having said that, imagery is difficult to get right. And beware of overdoing it. If youre writing a business report, coming up with 12 never-before-seen metaphors per page may not be the best use of your time. Save them for your creative writing class. 2. Never use a long word where a short one will do On the grounds of rule one, Orwell probably wouldnt approve of the phrase less is more. However, its often true. Short words are powerful, direct and punchy. They are more likely to be instantly understood, which means your writing will have an immediate impact on your reader. Note that this rule doesnt put a complete ban on the use of long words it discourages using them for their own sake, as this can lead to opaque, pompous writing. But, for variety, the occasional Scrabble high-scorer is acceptable. 3. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out Remove all padding from your writing. This means cutting every word that doesnt add to your meaning: this isnt school and youre no longer graded by the word. And get rid of waffle-magnets such as nominalisations. This hefty word means a noun thats created from a verb for example consideration (from the verb consider) or implementation (from implement, or even just do). Not only are these noun versions heavier than their lithe verb counterparts, they need extra words (eg, of and the) to make the sentence work. Little surprise that Nike didnt go with the slogan, Just complete the implementation of it. 4. Never use the passive where you can use the active The active voice is where you put the who of the sentence before their action just as you would if you were speaking. For example: The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four was written in 1949 by George Orwell is passive, but George Orwell wrote the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1949 is active. The active voice is more direct, interesting and logical and it forces you to be specific about who does what (whereas with the passive, the who can be removed from the sentence). But do keep the passive in reserve for moments of necessary tact (ie, to a customer, The form was filled in incorrectly rather than You filled in the form incorrectly); and perhaps the odd shady cover-up (Yes, boss, the coffee machine has been broken). 5. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent Not so straightforward, this one, as it really depends on context. For corporate teams or expert readers, jargon is not only acceptable, it can also act like shorthand, helping to clarify your meaning. But knowing your audience is key. When you need to get technical information over to a more general readership, consider how youd explain your subject matter to a friend in a different industry, and youll find the right words to use. 6. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything barbarous A lazier writer than I am might say theres an exception to every rule. A straight-talker may just say, use your brain. Even Orwell admitted he was probably guilty of violating these rules again and again in the very essay he declared them. Still, the more you write with these sensible ground rules in mind, the better youll become at spotting the odd moments when you might do well to break one.

Heat of Fusion essays

Heat of Fusion essays Objective: The objective of this experiment is to find the heat of fusion of water by using a calorimeter. The calorimeter will be used to melt ice in water to find the heat of fusion. Theory: Heat of fusion is known to be the amount of heat that it takes to allow one mole of a substance to turn from solid to liquid. The heat of fusion of water is known to be 80 cal/mol. This experiment will use a calorimeter with distilled water and ice to find an experimental value of heat of fusion of water. Equations used in this experiment will be LFM1 = M2CT where LF is the heat of fusion, M1 is the mass of the substance being melted (the ice), M 2 is the mass of the substance that is doing the melting (the water), C is the specific heat of the substance (water is one calorie per gram per degree), and T is the change in temperature. Procedure: The following materials will be needed for this experiment, a cup, a thermometer, distilled water, ice, and a scale. The first step is to find the mass of the cup without anything in it. After that fill it about half full with distilled water, and find the mass of that. After the mass of the cup and water is measured, put about five or six normal blocks of ice in to the cup. Use the thermometer to stir the mixture. Every 15 seconds record the temperature of the mixture. When the temperature has leveled off, use a fork to pick out any blocks of ice that are left. Mass of cup, water and ice: 208.11 g (38.94 g)X = (165.78 g)(1 cal/gram C)(18.9 C) Conclusion ...

Future Subjunctive Tense in French Grammar

Future Subjunctive Tense in French Grammar There is no future subjunctive in French. The present subjunctive is used for both present and future.  There is no future subjunctive per se. Even if the action is to happen in the future, the present subjunctive is used. However, there is a  past subjunctive. Present Subjunctive Is Used for Both Present and Future In general, the French subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain: will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity, judgment.  The key to understanding this mood is  to remember that the subjunctive subjectivity or unreality.   The subjunctive is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different:   Je veux que tu le fasses.I want you to do it.  Ã‚  Il faut que nous partions.Its necessary that we leave. / We have to leave.Il est  possible quil arrive demain.Its possible that he will arrive tomorrow.Cest bon que tu sois prà ªt midi.Its good that youll be ready at noon. Verbs and expressions that  express someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire require the subjunctive: aimer mieux que  to like better / to prefer thatcommander que  to order thatdemander que  to ask (someone to do somethingdà ©sirer que  to desire thatdonner lordre que  to order that Verbs and expressions of emotion or feeling, such as fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or any other sentiments, require the subjunctive: adorer que  to love thataimer que  to like thatapprà ©cier que  to appreciate that Verbs and expressions of doubt, possibility, supposition, and opinion require the subjunctive: accepter que to acceptsattendre ce que  to expectdà ©tester que  to hate Certain  verbs and expressions take the subjunctive when they are negative or interrogatory because they express uncertainty in the speakers mind: cest que  its that/becauseconnaà ®tre (quelquun) qui  Ã‚  Ã‚  to know (someone) thatcroire que  to believe that A number of French  conjunctive phrases  require the subjunctive: moins que*  Ã‚  Ã‚  unless supposer que  Ã‚  Ã‚  assuming thatafin que  Ã‚  Ã‚  so thatavant que*  Ã‚  Ã‚  before condition que  Ã‚  Ã‚  provided that The subjunctive is required  In a subordinate clause with the  negative pronouns  ne...personne  or  ne...rien, or the  indefinite pronouns  quelquun  or  quelque chose:   Ã‚  Je ne connais personne qui veuille maider.I dont know anyone who wants to help me.   Ã‚  ll ny a rien que nous puissions faire.Theres nothing that we can do. The subjunctive is  optional after main clauses that contain certain adjectives, such as  seul,  unique,  premier,  principal,  dernier, or any  superlative,  It depends on how concrete the speaker feels about what is being said:Hà ©là ¨ne est la seule personne qui puisse nous aider.Hà ©là ¨ne is the only person who can help us.(Hà ©là ¨ne may be the only person I think can help us, but there may be others.)Hà ©là ¨ne est la seule personne que je vois.Hà ©là ¨ne is the only person I see.(No subjunctive, because I know this for a fact - I only see Hà ©là ¨ne.) Conjugating the Subjunctive Is Relatively Straightforward To conjugate all regular verbs ending -ER, -IR, and -RE, as well as some irregular* ones, take the 3rd person plural  ils  form of the  present tense of the verb, drop the -ent  ending to find the stem, and add the subjunctive endings: Many verbs that  are irregular in the present tense are regular in the subjunctive, including all -IR verbs conjugated like partir and sortir and -RE verbs conjugated like mettre. Other irregular verbs, as well as all stem-changing verbs, have  irregular subjunctive conjugations.

Economics for Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics for Sustainability - Essay Example This essay analyzes and discusses the sustainable development process, that has turned into one of the topics in contemporary economics. The researcher states that over the past several years, the Club of Rome indicated the limitations of economic progress emanating from scarcity of natural resources and environmental destruction. Over the years, economic activities of western industrial nations have been to shun these limitations. These countries have strived to establish conditions that could ensure sustainable development in an ecological and economic sense. In the modern economics, the emergence of the term ‘sustainable development’ has led to modifications in nearly each aspect of production and consumption patterns. The discussion of the concepts of sustainable development usually generates heated debates especially among the arguments of neoclassical economics and environmentalists. The researcher of this essay seeks to discuss the basic, mainstream economics conc epts agreeing or disagreeing with the core concepts of sustainability. In conclusion, the researcher of this essay discusses two perspectives, that have different arguments regarding sustainability, although there are various complementing arguments. Weak sustainability, described in the essay necessitates a high level of substitutability between natural and reproducible resources. However, strong sustainability supposes that these forms of capital are complements instead of substitutes in various production functions.

MARKETING FINANCIAL SERVICES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MARKETING FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example Marketing tools used by the organization The marketing strategy of the organisation targets four customer groups: Personal Financial Services that includes consumer finance, Commercial Banking, Global Banking and Markets, and Private Banking. In the present financial milieu, the tools that would best persuade customers to entrust their transactions with a particular institution would be the service attributes themselves, that such service capably meets with the clientele’s most stringent requirements. The Academy of Marketing Science (2008) states that a company’s reputation is considered a marketing tool (p. 31). HSBC’s strongest marketing tool is its reputation. The conservatism associated with its brand name is a valuable asset. In a period of general public distrust in the financial system, confidence in a financial institution is the single most important factor that would determine a customer’s patronage. Another tool that HSBC relies on to attract a nd maintain its customers’ loyalty is its global presence. Most businesses in one way or another undertake commercial transactions of an international nature, which require some form of financial settlement that only a bank with strong global exposure may capably and satisfactorily discharge. Also, innovative products that timely address the market, such as HSBC’s recent launch of low interest rate, low deposit mortgage funding, have the potential of attracting demand because such products cater closely to their need. Finally, HSBC prides itself on its global expertise not only on financial matters, but also on its knowledge concerning socio-cultural considerations. Business culture happens to be closely linked with social traditions in certain countries; HSBC thus markets itself as the local global bank, referring to its local expertise coupled with global presence. Customers of the organisation, including issues Because HSBC serves a wide range of consumer and corpor ate banking interests, its customers also span the continuum from individuals in their personal finances, to non-business organisations, to small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs), to large domestic corporations, to state entities, and up to large multinationals corporations (MNCs) and conglomerates. Because of these widely divergent products serving widely different clientele, the company faces several issues having to do with its customers, that may put the bank at significant risk. The diversity of HSBC’s various markets is an important risk management factor and a source of financial strength (Greer & Kolbe, 2003) and it may be consolidated into three main business models in which it has a â€Å"natural advantage† (HSBC Annual Report and Accounts, 2009, p. 12): 1. Businesses that cater to international customers for whom connections with developing markets are critical (Global Banking and Markets, Private Banking, the major part of Commercial Banking, and the mas s affluent segment of Personal Financial Services; 2. Businesses with local customers where the efficiency of output or services may be improved by access to markets on a global scale (the small business segment of Commercial Banking, and the mass market segment of Personal Financial Services; and 3. Products which may have potential in the global market, with the assistance of the HSBC Group’s efficiency, expertise and reputation, such as the bank’

M.Sc.in supply chain management (DT351) Purchasing Assignment

M.Sc.in supply chain management (DT351) Purchasing - Assignment Example Although, it was considered before that the supplier is happy to form relationship with the company and same was the case considered for the buyers i.e. buyers are looking to form relationships with the company and this is the reason why they are buying the product from the company. However research shows that this is not the situation in most of the cases. The needs and satisfaction of suppliers and customers do not match in different cases and either one of these parties loses their money in forming relationship. Therefore in order to discuss the relationship between the buyers and suppliers, a four quadrants purchasing portfolio from the perspective of buyers has been presented below: (Santema and Verheul, 2012) The above four quadrants represent four different situations of buyers. However the focus of this section of the report has been on the second quadrant which is ‘Routine’. Therefore, the routine quadrant has been discussed in detail in this part of the report. The other sections of the report discusses about the other three quadrants and the relation of buyers with the suppliers in the other three quadrants. Moreover, the report applies the above matrix on New Bridge Cutlery Company in the last part of this report. QUADRANT #2: ROUTINE The second quadrant is ‘Routine’ which includes products that are purchased on a regular or routine basis by the consumer. This quadrant means Process reduction which means that the cost of demand are not equal to the value given by the consumer, thus the value will be low as well as the complexity. Santema (2011) has said that in routine cases, the products and services are available in the market; therefore there are no high rewards in forming relationships with the suppliers for the buyers. Moreover, Santema (2011) added that in such cases, the buyers are looking for transactional exchange. Gelderman and Weele (2002) have stated that buyers in routine cases are looking for more efficient pr ocesses. It has been said that buyers do not put much effort in order to create the relationship in this quadrants. On the other hand, the suppliers have to go an extra mile in order to make sure that the customers are satisfied and they are able to receive the products or service they want to. Therefore there has been a drastic mismatch between the two stakeholders. Buyers are not likely to pay attention in routine products. As there are many suppliers available, thus this mismatches the demand and supply of these routine products and this reduces the risk and therefore consumers do not give high attention. In such a scenario, the buyers are the dominators (Gelderman and Weele, 2002). Identifying a preferred supplier and then working solely with that supplier could change the position. This could result in reducing the valuable purchasing management time. Portier et al (2011) have claimed that generally buyers do not form such relationships or do not prefer any supplier for routine products or services and buyers do not form supplier relationship. This relationship has been termed as the Key Supplier Management. The main reasons for such relationship not being formed are the barriers that restrict them. These barriers include inability to integrate the purchasing or procurement activities with the other activities, complexities involved in building relationships of supplier portfolio and implementing them, and limited knowledge about value co-creation between

Treadway Tire Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Treadway Tire Company - Case Study Example This high level of dissatisfaction by the line-foreman segment was being manifested through an increased trend of employee turnover. In 2007 alone 23 line-foremen left the Lima plant both voluntarily and involuntarily. This high turnover has negatively implications on the plant’s productivity and cost. It prevents the Lima tire plant from realizing its potential of being Treadway’s lowest cost producer and number one plant for productivity in North America. Four elements of the work system that contribute towards the problems at Treadway are: (1) inadequate training and development for new hires; (2) poor communication from upper management; (3) a poor organizational and/or power structure; and (4) a performance review system. From the case it is clear that for one to effectively perform the duty of a line foremac one needed skills in areas such as understanding union contracts, employee and production scheduling, pay and so on. However, at Treadway’s Lima plant new line foremen received only informal training, which was conducted at the discretion of the general supervisor and area manager (Skinner and Beckham 5). This situation is aggravated by the poor or limited communication between upper management and line-foremen segment. In such a scenario it would not be far-fetched to expect the quality of this informal training to be inadequate. The line foremen were expected to take charge of the hourly employees and were held responsible over the hourly-employees’ actions yet they lacked the authority needed to do so. This reflects a poor power structure – which reflects poor organizational structure. In a good organizational structure the person who bears responsibility has to be given the authority to perform whatever needs to be done with regards to that responsibility. This in a way made line-foremen to be undermined by their charges. Lastly, we are informed that in order to get a good review, line foremen were expected to meet targets without

Legal framework governing environmental regulation of the oil and gas Essay

Legal framework governing environmental regulation of the oil and gas industry - Essay Example The paper tells that the constant need for energy in the modern world has made the offshore oil and gas industry a vital one for society. Without oil and gas, commerce will grind to a halt and daily life will be irreparably changed. A future without oil and gas is difficult to imagine. And yet, the oil and gas industry are also responsible for some of the biggest environmental disasters that the world has known, making it imperative to set up stringent regulations to ensure that environmental catastrophes and adverse ecological consequences are prevented, or at least mitigated. It then becomes necessary to balance these two sometimes competing interests and craft a regulatory framework that will take into account industry imperatives of the oil and gas sector, whilst at the same time ensuring that resource sustainability issues are adequately addressed. This balancing act, however, is not so easily done. Environmentalists argue that the environmental regulations are not enough and th at companies can still routinely flout the prohibitions, causing long-term damage to the planet. On the other hand, industry players say that the restrictions are too heavy-handed, thus unduly curtailing their business. It is in light of this that this paper evaluates the legal framework – international treaties, EU directives, national legislation – of the UK. The objective of this paper is to determine whether or not this is a case of â€Å"over-regulation† or â€Å"under-regulation†.... The Offshore Oil and Gas Industry and the Planet Experts have identified the three major environmental problems caused by the oil and gas industry to be air pollution, acid rain and global warming. These problems are found in the entire production chain, from manufacture to distribution to consumption of the oil and gas. According to Gao: environmental problems start right away with exploration activities such as seismic   surveys and geological prospecting, albeit the environmental interference and disturbance at this stage are limited. Second, it is interesting to observe that, in the upstream operations, environmental problems and their impacts tend to increase and build up along with the project's progress, from the initial visibility and acoustic issues at the exploration phase, accidental spills and blow-out at the development stage, and to operational discharge and emissions such as gas flaring during the production period1.   This is because of the precarious nature of oi l and gas extraction and emission. The problem is also political because many of these offshore oil and gas extractions take place in the developing world, where vulnerable communities are hard put to defend their resources from external influences, thus jeopardising the sustainability of these resources and availability for their own consumption. Without regulation, what the world will have in its hands is a veritable time bomb – ticking and waiting to explode. Legal framework of the offshore oil and gas industry The legal framework of the offshore oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom is composed of several components. The primary international treaties that govern offshore operations are the MARPOL (73/78) which is made to apply to Merchant

Treadway Tire Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Treadway Tire Company - Case Study Example This high level of dissatisfaction by the line-foreman segment was being manifested through an increased trend of employee turnover. In 2007 alone 23 line-foremen left the Lima plant both voluntarily and involuntarily. This high turnover has negatively implications on the plant’s productivity and cost. It prevents the Lima tire plant from realizing its potential of being Treadway’s lowest cost producer and number one plant for productivity in North America. Four elements of the work system that contribute towards the problems at Treadway are: (1) inadequate training and development for new hires; (2) poor communication from upper management; (3) a poor organizational and/or power structure; and (4) a performance review system. From the case it is clear that for one to effectively perform the duty of a line foremac one needed skills in areas such as understanding union contracts, employee and production scheduling, pay and so on. However, at Treadway’s Lima plant new line foremen received only informal training, which was conducted at the discretion of the general supervisor and area manager (Skinner and Beckham 5). This situation is aggravated by the poor or limited communication between upper management and line-foremen segment. In such a scenario it would not be far-fetched to expect the quality of this informal training to be inadequate. The line foremen were expected to take charge of the hourly employees and were held responsible over the hourly-employees’ actions yet they lacked the authority needed to do so. This reflects a poor power structure – which reflects poor organizational structure. In a good organizational structure the person who bears responsibility has to be given the authority to perform whatever needs to be done with regards to that responsibility. This in a way made line-foremen to be undermined by their charges. Lastly, we are informed that in order to get a good review, line foremen were expected to meet targets without

The Functions of Gendar and Power within our Society Essay

The Functions of Gendar and Power within our Society - Essay Example Because the body image is integral to identity, for a woman to protest that these expectations are not realistic and perversely adolescent is to admit she does not possess it. In The Beauty Myth, Naomi Wolf (2000) states that a womans compulsion to diet and wear makeup can largely be blamed on a society that assigns value to women in a vertical hierarchy according to a culturally imposed physical standard. It is an expression of power relations that has women competing for the privileges of employment and status that men have secured as rightfully theirs (Wolf, 2000), and in a comfortably patriarchal society is important to control those women whom second wave feminism would have otherwise made relatively uncontrollable. As long as women are compelled to wear makeup and conform to an elusive beauty archetype, the seeds of the feminine essence remain. The expectation firmly places women below men in the gender order, as the sex which must prove its femininity in order to enter the masculine realm of employment, politics and to gain power (Ragins, 1999). In conclusion, the power relations in the gender order still remain in favor of man. Early feminists believed that femininity contrasted many womens lived experience, but it was not exposed as a false ideology, rather the women who questioned it were exposed as unfeminine. Women across the world experience gender discrimination in different forms and cultural stages, and even though gender impartiality is becoming stronger by the decade, this social difference is still deeply in control of cultural practice around the world, particularly in Africa, the Middle East and oriental Asian states such as China. Inequity next to women in the developing world is an overwhelming authenticity. It consequences in millions of entity tragedies, which add up to lost prospective for whole countries. (Mullins, 2005) Worldwide studies have exposed there is a direct connection between financial growth and a countries

Islamic cultures Essay Example for Free

Islamic cultures Essay 1.   Islamic cultures in the European Middle Ages were comparably more advanced and better than the Christianity.   Islamic cities in the Middle Ages were thriving and became the centers of trade and economy. Islamic merchants bought and sold goods from across Africa, Asia and Europe.   New technologies such as windmill, block printing as well as new methods of weaving, which were developed in China were brought to Europe by Islamic merchants. Moreover, Islamic cultures during this period were considered mixed and multi-ethnic as it borrowed from the cultures of the people that Muslims conquered or interacted during trading.    Greek works by early scientists and mathematicians were interpreted into Arabic and used by Islamic Arabs.   Islamic cities also became centers for art and learning. Since Islamic society during the Middle Ages valued scholarship Islamic cities became major sites of major libraries and scholarships. 2.   Europe provided a route and area for Islamic culture to flourish. In terms of trade, Europe provided the Islamic empires with raw materials while Asia became the center of trade and commerce.   Europe also became an avenue of the both Islam and Christianity.   Initially, Islam swept mostly all throughout Asia and Europe on the other hand was mainly dominated by Christianity.   But eventually, Islam conquered Europe as well which led to the conversion of many parts of Europe into Islam particularly Spain.   Islamic Europe were also comparable far more superior to those among European Christians, and Islamic cultures were responsible for bringing Asian innovations into Europe.

A Successful Business Depends

A Successful Business Depends A successful business depends on the skills and market knowledge of its management team. It is important to have the right managers in place to drive the services. The management team needs strong project management and customer-focused skills to oversee all aspects of the service including sales and marketing, procurement, operational issues, finance and personal matters. To be successful management team needs to understand the importance of customer service. They also need to understand the requirements of businesses in the area and how services could be delivered. In a larger business, there should also have team leaders who are responsible for managing smaller groups of people and overseeing team budgets. It is important to develop their skills and understand the problems they face to make sure business runs smoothly. (Businesslink.gov.uk, 2011) In the Care Home total quality management application is essential not just assuring service quality but it is also a way of managing people and business processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction, internally and externally. It also combined with effective leadership and management which results in an organisation doing the right things right, first time. (businessballs.com, 2009) Management and leadership style have an important impact on quality improvement initiatives. Culture change may be required to facilitate improvement, especially if staff, Service Users and family members have different interpretations of care. Culture change must begin with owners and managers building new relationships with all stakeholders. (jrf.org.uk, 2008). All senior managers must demonstrate their seriousness and commitment to quality, middle managers must also demonstrate their commitment to ensure they communicate the principles, strategies and benefits to the people for whom they have responsibilities towards. (businessballs.com, 2009). To manage quality improvement Quality Assurance employed to ensure that successes are achieved in a given setting. Within adult social care, this means ensuring that the Essential Standards in Quality and Safety are being given importance and are informing all of the activities carried by the relevant care business. It is a pertinent way in which to gauge the level of quality being offered to Service Users. Consequently, high level policies and procedures need to be in place and implemented to ensure excellent levels of Quality Assurance. This assignment will discuss the effectiveness of the organisation and my own ability to manage and improve quality to meet customer requirements. It also tackled about development and implementation of improvement plans to meet or exceed customer requirements. UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ORGANISATION AND OWN ABILITY TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE QUALITY TO MEET CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS. In every organisation to be really effective, quality must span all functions, all people, all departments and all activities and be a common language for improvement. The cooperation of everyone is important to achieve a total quality organisation. The quality chains should not be broken because if any point one person or one piece of equipment not meeting the requirements of the customer, internal and external, failure exists. Failure to meet the requirements in any part of the chain creates problems elsewhere so to achieve quality throughout the organisation, every person in the quality chain must be trained and fully aware of customers needs and expectation and must respect the needs and expectation of their suppliers. (businessball.com, 2009). Quality Management System in the Care Home is designed and implemented to meet the quality objectives to achieve ongoing satisfaction of Service Users and to meet the mandatory requirements of the relevant external authorities associated with the provision of care for Service Users. Leading and operating an organisation successfully, it is necessary to direct and control the company in a systematic and transparent manner. Success can result from implementing and maintaining a management system that is designed to continually improve performance while addressing the needs of all interested parties. (Southern Cross Healthcare Quality Manual, 2006). Critically assess the organisations effectiveness in managing quality to meet or exceed customer requirements. Alexander Court Care Centre aim is to provide the highest quality care for Service Users to enable them to have as much choice and independence as they capable of. It is their objectives to constantly strive to improve all aspects of customer service, to ensure the financial viability and efficiency of the business providing security for Service Users and Staff, to invest in development of Staff skills so that services provided to Service Users can improve and to work closely with contractors and suppliers to ensure quality service at an efficient cost. The responsibilities, authority and the interrelation of all personnel who manage, perform and verify work affecting quality are defined and communicated in order to facilitate effective quality management. All people have given authorities and responsibilities to enable them to assist in the achievement of the quality objectives. The Operations Director is responsible for identifying and providing all the necessary resources to meet the requirements of the quality system and the organisations customers. These resources include trained personnel for the management and the performance of work, including system audits and verification activities. Regular meetings are held either individually or collectively to brief staff on performance, customer requirements, any recurring problems and obtaining feedback as necessary. Will hold an annual review of all staff and arrange for the preparation of any training plans and implementation. He will chair the management review meeting. He is responsible for ensuring the organisations performance can be adequately measured to meet the requirements of its customers and has nominated a Quality Representative with the authority and responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of the latest issue of ISO 9001:2000 are implemented and maintained by internal quality audits. The Quality Representative is responsible for monitoring the system and in particular for advising and training other personnel in the system, continually looking for improvements. Ensuring that internal quality audits are carried out as detailed on the schedule, and that all corrective and preventive actions arising from audits are close out, reporting to the management review on the performance, including needs for improvement and the awareness of customer needs and requirements throughout the organisation. Managing Director and top management have defined and implemented processes for the communication of quality requirements, objectives and accomplishments. The providing of this information becomes a resource for improvement and the involvement of people in achieving quality objectives including one to one, and team briefings, in house memos, information on notice boards, audio visual and electronic media as necessary. The management review the input and output process analysing current activities that may require change and consider opportunities for the improvement, including quality policy and quality objectives. In addition, all feedback received whether positive or negative is used as a learning and use to formulate changes in policies, procedures and processes. Regular Service User and relatives meeting and invitations to people to complete Satisfaction Survey to enable comments and provide opportunity to give open and honest feedback on the service provided. The Care Centre is registered and inspected by Care Quality Commission to ensure they complied with the guidelines and standards of the Health and Social Care Act and Care Standards Act. The Home Manager completes an action plan to address any areas of weakness, this way to ensure there is a process of continual improvement. Evaluate own ability to manage quality to meet or exceed customer requirements. In managing quality to meet customer requirements, it start with staffing factors such as turnover, staffing levels, worker stability, training and the way care is organised, it may determine staff effectiveness. Staff communication from top management as well as the need to gain support from them is important to enable staff to provide feedback. As an aspiring manager, I have to train and educate my staff to promote and establish a quality service. This includes: quality assurance, documentation, quality audits, total quality management, process management, statistics and all the methodologies for solving problems. It may be a long process so it is a good idea to firstly train qualified staff and trainers who will in turn train the rest of the staff. Training programme or continuous personnel development is important to ensure all staff have the necessary knowledge, skills and competencies to undertake appropriate activities in their particular area of responsibility as well as their performance quality improve. As a healthcare worker customer care is important, like for instance to our Service User and their family, we should value them by providing friendly assistance and creating comfortable atmosphere. We ensure we deal with their inquiries, create a good first impression so that they have confidence on you because I believe the saying that first impression last. Our behaviour and the way we communicate to them affects their impression so we have to act professionally. Because we are the person the Service Users sees all day so we have to comfort, care and always consider their safety. We also not forget the core values such as providing service user privacy and dignity by informing them any procedure that going to do, never expose them unnecessarily, knocking on doors and closing it, second respect by considering their thought and feelings, third their choice should always be offered and lastly fulfilment by asking them are they happy with the service received. By doing all these simple things, it can build a positive working relationship and quality assurance with the Service Users and their family. 2. BE ABLE TO PLAN AND IMPLEMENT PROJECTS TO MEET, AND IF POSSIBLE, EXCEED CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS In the organisation quality improvement plan is important to meet the quality objectives of the company to achieve satisfaction of the Service Users and to meet the mandatory requirements of the relevant external authorities associated with the provision of care for Service Users. It is designed for the organisation to have direction and reflect on their accomplishment. The Quality Improvement Plan is a document about how the organisation will manage, deploy, and review the quality of care. It describes the overall management approach to quality and what is to be accomplished like mission and vision that staff can relate to in their daily work. It identifies the key terms so that staff has the same vocabulary to avoid misconceptions and unclear messages. It also describes how the quality program will be managed and monitored and includes the process for selecting quality improvement projects and relevant team leaders. The improvement plan also can indicate the types of training and support that will be available to the organisation as a whole. This Quality Improvement plan identifies the quality process, quality tools and techniques to be utilised throughout the organisation and how planned QI activities and processes are updated to the management and staff on regular basis to keep them informed as to what progress is being achieved. It also describes any quality roles and responsibilities that will exist and how measurement and analysis will be utilised and how it will help define future quality improvement activities. The Improvement plan will help to evaluate activities that will be utilised to determine the effectiveness of quality of care. 2.1 Develop an improvement plan that is designed to meet and, if possible, exceed customer requirements. Quality Improvement Plan is directed towards the organisation to assist in the delivery of quality care and success of developing skilled and educated workforce. Therefore, the organisation will continue to provide opportunities for staff to develop their careers through training and further study in order to provide highest quality service. This development ensures that all staff has the necessary knowledge, skills, and competencies to undertake appropriate activities in their particular area of responsibility. It also directed to the Service Users and Relatives to ensure that they receive quality care and maintain their dignity, privacy, independence and respect. Alexander Court Care Centre acknowledges that to lead and operate an organisation successfully, it is necessary to direct and control in a systematic and transparent manner. Success can result from implementing and maintaining a management system that is designed to continually improve performance while addressing the needs of all interested parties. (Quality Manual, 2006) Alexander Court includes the eight quality management principles noted below and top management uses these principles in order to lead the organisation towards improved performance. Customer Focus Organisations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, should meet customer requirements and strive to exceed customer expectations. Leadership Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organisation. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organisations objectives. Involvement of People People at all levels are the essence of the organisation and their fully involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organisations benefit. Process approach A desired result is achieved more efficiently when activities and related resources are managed as a process. System approach to management Identify, understand and manage interrelated processes as a system contributes to the organisations effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives. Continual improvement Continual improvement of the organisations overall performance is a permanent objective of the organisation. Factual approach to decision making Effective decisions are based on the analysis of data and information. Mutually beneficial supplier relationship An organisation and its supplier are interdependent and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value. An efficient and effective way to tackle process or quality improvement is through teamwork. However, people will not engage in improvement activities without commitment and recognition from organisations leaders, a climate for improvement and strategy to implement effectively.(businessballs.com, 2009). There are some factors to be considered by the organisation after philosophy and mission have been established. First is chain of command which specifies the authority, responsibility and communication relationships between leaders and staff from top to bottom in the organisation by delegating authority responsible for programmes, staffing, and budget.(adekass.blogspot.com, 2008). Staffing such as human resource planning and recruitment should also consider so that finding the right people for the right jobs. The process of staff selection involves evaluating candidates through interviews and choosing the best candidate for the specific job.(fao.org, 2012). Then staff orientation to t he particular unit, colleagues and to the organisation. Staff should be aware of the mission and objectives of the organisation, the nature of responsibilities, the degree of accountability, and the systems and procedures followed to accomplish the tasks associated with the job. 2.2 Implement improvement plans designed to meet or exceed customer requirements. To meet customer requirements the suppliers must aware of customers needs and expectations, each person must respect also the needs and expectations of their suppliers. This situation is an open partnership style relationship, were both parties share and benefit. To be able to become a total quality organisation, some of the bad practices must be recognised and corrected. These may include: leaders not giving clear direction or inadequate supervision procedures, Staff behaviour such as fire fighting or reactive behaviour and the its not my problem attitude.(businessball.com, 2009) Good management involves regular procedures for overseeing and reviewing work, discussing difficulties and clarifying how to proceed. (akdn.org, 06/2004). So management must implement improvement plans to the staff members. The primary goal with the plan is improving quality performance by improving individual staff performance and ensuring them attains their own level of improvement. The key to improving staff performance is setting goals and this set of goals keep them motivated by constructively teaching them how to improve on specific areas they are struggle with. For example, time management because staff tardiness is one of the problems in the organisation apa rt from laziness and lack of skills. Managers also use formal documentation like supervision, appraisal forms and staff satisfaction survey which can help explain performance needs improvement. As an aspiring manager I have to develop improvement plan to the Staff whose performance requires improvement which I identified at the table, with specified action plan, timeframe and the support and resources to assist the staff. (See Appendix I). This performance improvement plan will help to meet the customer requirements in the organisation. CONCLUSION Managing improvement in the organisation is important to be able to satisfied customers and good business result. Good leader brings out the best in their people in a way that makes workplace productive. Teamwork within the organisation is the key to success of every business. Successful organisation involved 100 percent of their minds and passion in identifying problems and resolving them. They seek to improve performance in every area of their work by understanding customer requirements and improving performance to meet customer needs more effectively, improving communications between departments by breaking down internal barriers, getting staff involved by improving performance and working in teams to improve morale and support the development of individuals. Managers encourage open discussion to improve performance, and about the identification and implementation of solutions to problems.

LITERATURE REVIEW: Theories on Student Attrition :: Essays Papers

LITERATURE REVIEW: Theories on Student Attrition Since the early 70s theorists have pondered the causes of college dropout. Generally referred to as â€Å"student attrition,† this problem has spurred numerous causal theories and theoretical models. Vincent Tinto led the research with his revolutionary 1973 study, which he later revised (1987) amid criticism from other luminaries in the field, most notably Bean, Astin, Terenzini, and Pascarella. It is on the work of these scholars (including also Tinto) that all modern research in the student attrition field is based. I found and will review in brief some of the extensive research from Tinto to the present, including the basic criticisms therein. I will further explain the steps some colleges are currently taking to counteract this increasingly important issue. Little or no research was conducted on student attrition prior to Tinto, and every piece of research I found contained several references to him and his work. Ishitani and DesJardins claim that the majority of research on the subject has been based on Tinto’s model (7), as does Metz in his research review (4). Metz, however, goes on to assert that Tinto’s main source was a certain Rites of Passage, by Arnold van Gennep. Focusing on the anthropological perspective of human â€Å"rites of passage,† van Gennep’s study elucidates the basic human nature behind much of the college experience. Tinto primarily utilizes the chapter entitled â€Å"Initiation Rites† in his model, a chapter in which van Gennep claims â€Å"that physiological puberty and ‘social puberty’ are essentially different† (Gennep 65). Tinto sees the transition from high school to college as a form of this â€Å"social puberty.† Tinto further a rgues that the maturation process is â€Å"marked by three distinct phases or stages, each with its own specialized ceremonies and rituals†¦[e]ach serv[ing] to move individuals from youthful participation to full adult membership in society† (Tinto 92). College, according to van Gennep and Tinto therefore, is simply part of this sociological maturation process. Tinto’s original theory involved five specific factors that contributed to student retention: (1) a student’s pre-entry attributes (prior schooling and family background); (2) goals and commitment (the student’s individual aspirations in the institution); (3) experience at the institution (academics and faculty and peer interactions); (4) external commitments while at the institution; (5) integration both academically and socially (Metz 4).

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay

Understanding the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context P1.1. Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract There are several important elements in order to form a valid contract. 1. Offer and Acceptance.- In order to create a valid contract , there must be a ‘lawfull offer ‘ by one party and ‘lawfull acceptance’ of the same by the other party 2. Intention to Create Legal Relationship- In case,there is not such intetion on the part of partyes, there is not contract. Agreements of social and domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations .Case ; Balfour vs Balfour (1919) 3. Lowfull Consideration. Consideration has been defined in various ways Acourding to Blackstone † Consideration is recompense given by the party contracting to another † in other words of Pollock† Consideration is the price for wich the promise of the another is brought †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.consideration is known as quid pro-quo or something in return 4. Capacity of Parties ;The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract , the contract is not valid Accourding the following persons are incopetent to contract ; a -miners, b-persons of unsound mind c-person disqualifield by low to wich they ar subject 5. Lawfull Object.; The object of an agreement must be valid . Object has nothing to do with consideration it means to purpoase or design of the contract. This when one hires a house for use of a gambling house , the object of the contract is to run a gambling house 6. Legal formailities ; An oral Contract is a perfectly valid contract espect in those cases where writing registration etc,is required by some statute, in India writing is required in cases of sale, mortgage lease and gift on immovable propriety, negociable instrument etc 7. Certainity of Meaning; Acourding to Section 29; Agreement the meaning of wich is not Certain or capable of being made certain are avoid 8. Posibility of Performance; If the act is imposible in itselfe physically or legally if cannot be enforced at law. For example Mr A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. SUCH agreements is not enforceable P1.2. Discuss the impact of different types of contract A contract is an agreement between two parties that must include an offer , an acceptance and a consideration .There are a variety of different types of contracts used for different purposes, in addition, certain types of contracts may be more popular in one jurisdiction than in another Bilateral and unilateral implied, viodable,executory and oral contractat are among the common types of contracts used throughout the world Bilateral contracts make up the majority of the contracts drafted. A bilateral contract consists of tho parties who are under an obligation to do something or refain from doing something. For example a contract for the sale of goods is a bilateral contract. The buyer promises to purchase the product and, in turn, the seller promises to supply the product P1.3. Analyse terms ic contract with reference to their meaning and effect The terms of an agreement may be so vague and indefinite that in reality there is no contract in existence at all. (Scammell v Quston (1941)). The presence of a vague term will not prove fatal in every case. The contract itself may provide any disputes about the operation of the agreement can be resolved. (Foley v Classique Ltd (1934)). A court can ascertain the terms of a contract by reference to a trade custom or a course of previous dealings between the parties. (Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932)). A meaningless term which is subsidiary to the main agreement can be ignored and the rest of the contract enforced. (Nicolene Ltd v Simmonds (1953)). Express terms, are the details of a contract which have been specifically agreed between the parties. (Harling v Eddy (1951)). There are a number of express term that feature a standard contract such as exemption clauses, liquidated damages clauses and price variati on clauses. This terms can effect a contract. For example liquidated damages clause can affect the term in a contract, because it lays down the amount of damages that will be payable in the event of a breach of a contract. Cancelation charges are an example of a liquidated damages clause. Implied terms, represent addition terms that are implied into an agreement. Those can be by custom (Hutton v Warren (1836), by common low (The Moorcock (1889)), or by statute. The most common being the sale or supply of goods Act 1979. Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations P2.1. Apply the elements of contract in a given business scenarios In the business scenario 1, at an auction sale the call for bids by an auctioneer is an invitation to treat, the bids are offers. The auctioneer selects the highest bid and acceptance is completed by the fall of the hammer. (Payne v Cave (1789)). Advertising a forthcoming auction sale does not amount to an offer to hold it. (Harris v Nickerson (1873)). An offer can be revoked at any time before the acceptance but it will only be effective when the oferee learns about it, and it is not necessary that the oferor himself should tell the oferee that the offer has been revoked. (Dikinson v Dodds (1876)). The case study shows that the offeror was Montblanc auction and Harry, Miss Kaur the oferee shown the intention to bid for pen fountain at Montblanc auction, willing to travel to Manchester for it, and she also shown intention to buy pen fountain from Harry but she did not decided 100%, therefore, even though the offer was expre ssed to be open until after lunch break, such offer can be revoked before the end of the time limit, because Miss Kaur did not agreed with the offer. A promise to keep an offer open will be binding if it can be enforced as a separate contract. A legally binding option will be created if the oferee provides some consideration in return for the offeror’s promise to keep the offer open. (Mountford v Scott (1975)). In the case study, Miss Kaur could have paid a deposit in advance to make sure she could still have the pen fountain. Consideration was shown between Harry and Miss Kaur, and each side promise something to the other party. This was not the case with the Mountblanc Auction, even if the auction for the pen collection supposed to be open, the parties did not enter into a consideration. Intention, the low is not concern itself with purely domestic or social arrangements. The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. In the first case Mountblanc auction showed the intention to offer for bid the pen fountain, and this was mention in the list of items to be auctioned, but because of one or another reason this was cancelled. On the other hand Harry shown the intention to wait until after lunch for Miss Kaur, but because it wasn’t any written contract between them, he decided to sell his pen fountain with a better price of  £1000, breaching the informal contract that he had with Miss Kaur. In the context of contract low, Miss Kaur cannot take any action against the auctioneer for the expense of her travel to the auction and she cannot take any action to  Harry for not selling the fountain pen to her. Business scenario 1, shows that the agreement between Charles, owner of a house, and Murphy, who supposed to make renovation in the house by a set amount of money ( £50.000), at a specific date. Secondly, consideration is shown in the case study where both parties agreed to give something in return. Charles agreed to pay  £50.000 for the house renovation, and Murphy agreed with the sum initially. Intention, is shown when Murphy asked for an increase in salary in order for the job to be done in time, even if Charles agreed initially, than he turn his back on the offer that he made, respecting only the legal terms from the contract. In this situation Murphy can’t make any legal action against Charles. Capacity, in this case both parties where capable of fulfilling their commitments. Charles paying for the service, Murphy capable of doing the service. Genuineness of cons cent appeared between parties, when the initial contract was formed. Here was the time for Murphy to argue for an increase in salary, and not at a later date. Legality element of the contract is present, because it is nothing illegal or contrary to public policy. P2.2. Apply the law on terms in different contracts A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favourable terms and is thus placed in a â€Å"take it or leave it† position. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure, and the language of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (where certain clauses must be included by law or regulation). For example MetLife insurance company, has the terms of the contract are contained in a written document, the parties will be quite clear about what they have agreed to and this is likely to minimise the possibility of disputes a later stage. For example MetLife can make a contract of a life cover with a minimum of  £7, in which the client would know the standard terms and condition stipu lated in the contract. It would be very time- consuming to negotiate individual terms with every customer, because the company is offering a standard service to a large number of people. Standard form, business-to-consumer contracts fulfil  an important efficiency role in the mass distribution of goods and services. These contracts have the potential to reduce transaction costs by eliminating the need to negotiate the many details of a contract for each instance a product is sold or a service is used. However, these contracts also have the ability to trick or abuse consumers because of the unequal bargaining power between the parties. For example, where a standard form contract is entered into between an ordinary consumer and the salesperson of a multinational corporation, the consumer typically is in no position to negotiate the standard terms. As example MetLife representative often does not have the authority to alter the terms, even if either side to the transaction were capable of understanding all the terms in the fine print. These contracts are typically drafted by corporate lawyers far away from where the underlying consumer and vendor transaction takes place. The danger of accepting unfair or unconscionable terms is greatest where these artful drafters of such contracts present consumers with attractive terms on the visible or â€Å"shopped† terms of most interest to consumers, such as price and quality, but then slip one-sided terms benefiting the seller into the less visible, fine print clauses least likely to be read or understood by consumers. For example a customer of MetLife can be assured for accident protection, but there are only a specific accident that the company may cover the client. In many cases, the consumer may not even see these contracts until the transaction has occurred. In some cases, the seller knows and takes advantage of the knowledge that consumers will not read or make decisions on these unfair terms.(Standard Form of Contracts, 2014). P2.3. Evaluate the effect of different terms in given contracts In the business scenario 4, terms stipulated in the contract are the payment for the research assistant ( £25000) and the working hours, witch in this case are â€Å"whatever hours are necessary to complete the assignments given to her†. Section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 that in fact requires the employer to state the amount of hours worked by the employee. Disciplinary procedures had to be insert in the terms of a contract, where, for example Miss Y had to receive a number of warnings that will be given to her before suspension or dismissal, for her behaviour of wearing trousers and not a dress, on the morning of 2nf June. Because of this terms of the contract, Miss Y can  appeal to grievance procedures that relate to complains in regard to any aspect of the employment with witch the employee is not satisfied. In this case dismissal for asserting the right is automatically unfair and there is no service requirements by reason of section 104 of the ERA 1996. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011). Under the Employment Act 2002, Miss Y can claim compensation for unfair dismissal. She can also claim because of the Working Time Regulation (SI 1998/1833),where is stipulated that the employee has a maximum of 48 of work a week, a daily rest of period at least 11 consecutive hours in 24 hours, and in work rest break of 20 minutes for those working more them 6 hours daily. Miss Y, could also claim compensation and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, if the court finds that she receives medical treatment for depression due to the employment environment. Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities P3.1. Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability Tort liability arises out of a civil wrong, for example, people who do business, sole proprietor or in a partnership are liable for the torts committed by themselves and for torts committed in the course of the business by their agent and/or partners. However, one may avoid tort liability for the acts of business associates if they operate their business as a corporation or a limited liability company. Thus, the choice of entity is too perceived to have potential benefit if one is concerned about limiting one’s tort liability. Regardless of what type of business organization a person is liable for torts committed by himself, if for example he/ she is driving the company vehicle and are involved in an accident the other party is liable if he/she negligently operated the vehicle whether he/she operate as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietor. (Business Law, 2014). Contractual Liability, appears when a corporation or a limited liability company may protect one’s pe rsonal assets should the operator incur a significant contractual liability from the business operation. For example, a building contractor signs a contract to construct an office building for a business client and fails to meet the contractual deadline, the business client holds the contractor liable for consequential damages – profits lost for the time the client is not able to occupy the new building. Particularly in the construction area, contractual  liability may exceed simply the contract price. So long as one does not personally guarantee the contract of the business entity, his or her personal assets, assets owned outside the corporation or LLC, are protected as the corporate operator should not be personally liable for the corporate debts, contracts and contractual liabilities. Often, however, people dealing with corporations demand that the principals of the corporation personally guarantee the contracts. (Business Law, 2014). P3.2. Explain the nature of liability in negligence Liability of negligence appears when a claimant is able to prove that: â€Å"the defendant owed him a legal duty of care; the defendant was in breach of their duty; and the claimant suffered injury or loss as a result of the breach†. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011:348). For example a producer of goods may be liable to a consumer for loss and damage caused by his defective product under the tort of negligence. A consumer must establish the manufacturer owed him a duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case, House of Lords established the principles that a manufacturer was a duty of care to all persons who are likely to come into contact with his goods. The breach in duty occurs if the fallowing factors such as the like hood that the damage or injury will be incurred, the serious of any damage or injury, the cost and ease of taking precautions and the social need for the activity. (Balton v Stone (1951). In the final part the claimant has to prove that he suffered damage if this damage was caused by a negligent misstatement as in the case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1963), or it was consequent upon foreseeable physical injury or damage to property such in the case of Junior Brooks Ltd v Veitcho Co Ltd (1982). P3.3. Explain how a business can be vicariously liable Employers can be held vicariously liable for acts of negligence or omission on the part of their employees in the course of employment even if the employer did not authorise or was unaware of the acts in question. To mount a successful defence, an employer must demonstrate either that the employee was not negligent or that the employee was acting in an individual capacity unrelated to the business of the employer. In some circumstances employers may also be liable for the misdemeanours of their independent contractors or  workers employed by a third party, such as an agency. For example, this applies where the employer authorises the wrongful act or had overall responsibility that could not be delegated. For example an employee that works for a catering agency, who does wrong doing at one of the clients that the agency is sending him to work for, the agency can be responsible for. The main deciding factor as to which employer has the responsibility for a sub-contractor or agency worker is that of ‘control’. The employer who gives direction and instructions for the work to be conducted will usually be the one to bear responsibility for misdemeanours carried out during the course of that work. If more than one employer can be identified as having control over the work of the employee then the principle of dual vicarious liability may apply. This is a principle introduced by the decision of Lord Justice May in the recent case of Via systems (Tyneside) Limited v Thermal Transfer (Northern) Limited & Others. The case involved compensation for a flood at a factory which had been caused by the sub-contractor of a sub-contractor. In his ruling, Lord Justice May decided that more than one employer could be subject to a claim and that the amounts awarded should be split equal unless it could be clearly demonstrated that one party bore more of the responsibility than the other. This courageous decision overturned the principle established in Laugher v Pointer in 1826 that only one employer could be held vicariously liable. (Vicarious Liability, 2014). Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations P4.1. Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations The tort of negligence is concern with certain kinds of careless conduct with cause damage or loss to others. As explain in task 3.2. There are three factors to consider. Firstly duty of care, if this duty is break and if the other party suffered any damages. In the Business Scenario 5 it is presented the fact that a UK ship was taking oil in Sydney harbour, spilling oil in the water, and because of a spark it set fire to a wharf witch was at 200 yards distance. The case also shows that safety precaution were taken but does not explain how. On the one hand, it can be argued therefore that the duty of care of the UK ship was broken, because the ship supposed to take more precautions on the duty of care and harm any neighbour. The defendant has break their duty of care  because the likelihood of an accident such as this could be foreseen. On the other hand, it can be argued that the defendant can claim â€Å"res ipsa loquitur†, witch mean that the facts spick for themselves, and it can be prove to court that the UK ship took enough safety precaution to avoid any accident, therefore the defendant would not be seen as negligent. The condition must be satisfied for res ipsa to come to play are in case of the event which caused the accident must have been the defendant’s control, witch in this case can be argued that it was, and the accident must be in such nature that it would not have occurred if proper care had been taken by the defendant, witch again could be argued that the ship took enough safety precaution. The damage that occur after this accident was that the claimant suffered damaged on his wharf, thereby he has to prove in court that this damages was made as a consequences of the UK ship actions in the harbour. In the case of Business Scenario 6, the negligence was made by Shell, because they had failed to provide protection goggles to Bell while he was working in spite of the fact that this was not a normal practice at the firm. Negligence was also made but the employee Bell, because firstly he supposed to protect himself especially because he had lost one eye, and he could have been more precaut. The breach of duty was made by Shell, because the job that Bell has implied vehicle maintenance, and while working with materials such as metals, the company should have provided protection for Bell under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Bell, can therefore claim compensation for its employee negligence towards him, because he suffered injury while working at Shell Company. P4.2. Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations Low states that an employer is liable for damage caused to another person by his employee, while the employee was caring out his work. The employer is liable even though he was not in any way at fault, and this rule even if seems to be unfair for the employer, it is based upon the law and policy. Employer and employee are regarded as â€Å"associated parties† in the business in which both are engaged. In the Business Scenario 7 and 8, Alf and Amos Bridge breach their contractual duties, therefore because they were acting at work, the employer is automatically consider guilty as well by the court. References: 1. Business Law, Available at: http://pullman-wa.com/law/businessLaw.htm, [Accessed on 12.03.2014]; 2. Riches, S.& Allen, V. (2011), Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW, 10th (ed), Pearson: London; 3. Standard form Contracts, Available at: http://faircontracts.org/what-are-standard-form-contracts, [Accessed on 15.03.2014]; 4. Vicarious Liability , Available at : http://www.uktrainingworldwide.com/BB/VicariousLiability.htm; [Accessed on 13.03.2014];